Diabetic retinopathy its genetics and single nucleotide polymorphism associated with multi-ethnic cohort – A review

Diabetic Retinopathy is a microvascular impairment which leads to blindness in the developed and devel-
oping countries. The DR progress from non - proliferative diabetic retinopathy to proliferative diabetic retinopathy were new blood vessels are formed which is called as microaneurysms. The onset of diabetic retinopathy depends on the period of the diabetes mellitus. The uncontrolled blood glycaemic level results in diabetic retinopathy. The single nucleotide polymorphism or genetic variants may be respon-
sible for the genesis of diabetic retinopathy. This review paper mainly focuses on the diabetic retinopa-
thy, its pathophysiology and its genetics which includes VEGF, AGEs, ALR, Epo and eNOS. The ubiquitin proteasome pathway also plays a major role in DR as the expression of Proteins of the UPS system are high in retina and any variation in the gene causes the DR. The SNPs that are associated with diabetic retinopathy in different cohort is also discussed in this review.