Techniques for the detection and quantification of emerging contaminants

Techniques for the detection and quantification of emerging contaminants Shanmugasundaram Shyamalagowri P.G. and Research Department of Botany , Pachaiyappas College , Chennai - 600030 , Tamil Nadu , India https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4273-1253 Natarajan Shanthi P.G. and Research Department of Botany , Pachaiyappas College , Chennai - 600030 , Tamil Nadu , India https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1261-2499 Jagadeesan Manjunathan Department of Biotechnology , Vels Institute of Science, Technology and Advanced Studies (VISTAS) , Chennai - 600117 , Tamil Nadu , India https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5745-0278 Murugesan Kamaraj College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Addis Ababa Science and Technology University , Addis Ababa - 16417 , Ethiopia https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0111-8524 Arumugam Manikandan Department of Industrial Biotechnology , Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research , Chennai , Tamil Nadu , India https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7134-2022 Jeyaseelan Aravind Department of Civil Engineering, Environmental Research , Dhirajlal Gandhi College of Technology , Salem - 636309 , Tamil Nadu , India https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9699-2312 Abstract

In recent years, the diverse industrial practices and human inputs widely disseminated emerging contaminants (ECs) throughout environmental matrices, which is of great concern. Even at low concentrations, ECs pose major ecological problems and threaten human health and the environment’s biota. Consequently, people’s interest and concerns on the widespread dissemination of environmentally connected ECs of great concern as developed due to their scientific understanding, technical innovation, and socioeconomic awareness. Increased detection of contaminants may occur from climatic, socioeconomic, and demographic changes and the growing sensitivity of analytical techniques. Hence, this article reviews the determination of ECs in ecological specimens, from aquatic setup (river water, marine water, and wastewater), sludge, soil, sediment, and air. Sample collection and the quality measures are summarized. The preparation of samples, including extraction and cleanup and the subsequent instrumental analysis of ECs, are all covered. Traditional and recent extraction and cleanup applications to analyze ECs in samples are reviewed here in this paper. The detection and quantification of ECs using gas chromatography (GC) and liquid chromatography (LC) linked with various detectors, particularly mass spectrometry (MS), is also summarized and explored, as are other possible techniques. This study aims to give readers a more excellent knowledge of how new and improved approaches are being developed and serve as a resource for researchers looking for the best method for detecting ECs in their studies.
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