Antagonistic Effect of Dichloromethane on Oreochromis mossambicus and Immune Stimulation Activity of Aloe Vera

This study examined the aquatic toxicity of dichloromethane (DCM) on Oreochromis
mossambicus. Along with aquatic toxicity studies, in silico research was also conducted to
identify ways of improving the fish’s immune system, which may help to fight the oxidative
stress and neurotoxic effects of DCM. The activities of glutathione S-transferase and
acetylcholinesterase enzymes were studied in samples from the brains, muscles, livers,
and gills of fish treated with different concentrations of DCM (730, 760, and 790 ppm).
Histopathological and hematological studies were also completed at various
concentrations of DCM. Molecular docking studies of the bioactive compounds of Aloe
vera against interleukin-1β (IL-1β) were conducted, and drug properties were also
analyzed. The lethal concentration (LC50) of DCM in the fish was found to be 760 ppm.
The hematological study revealed that tissues exposed to 760 ppm of DCM had an
elevated leukocyte count, high amounts of hemoglobin, and very low platelet counts. The
liver histopathological study identified cellular alterations such as necrosis, and the gills
showed lamellar fusion and congestion. The compound sitosterol showed strong binding
energy (-12.398 kcal/mol) against IL-1β, followed by squalene (−12.157 kcal/mol).
Pharmacokinetic properties were also analyzed, with satisfactory results. Thus, thehematological and histopathological studies reveal that DCM has a potential ability toinduce oxidative stress and neurotoxic effects. Hence, the phytochemicals of Aloe vera can
improve the immune system to fight against the neurotoxicity of DCM, which can be furthervalidated by in vitro and in vivo studies.