Featuring of polyethylenimine modifier and characteristics investigations of hybrid perovskite solar cell with tin oxide electron transport layer

A hybrid magnesium matrix composite reinforced with
aluminum, zinc, and multiple particulates was developed
through liquid stir casting to enhance tribo-mechanical
performance for potential applications in automotive
housings and structural frames. However, conventional stir
casting often results in reinforcement agglomeration The synthesized AZ91-based composite contained 0.5 wt.%
graphene and 2–6 wt.% nano-SiC. The effects of vacuum
assisted casting and hybrid reinforcement on the
microstructure (as observed via scanning electron micro
scopy), mechanical properties (including tensile strength,
elongation, Vickers hardness, and energy absorption), and
density/porosity were evaluated and compared with those
of the unreinforced AZ91 alloy. Microstructural analysis
revealed improved dispersion and interfacial bonding
between SiC and graphene within the matrix under vac
uum. The AZ91–0.5 wt.% graphene 6 wt.% SiC porosity due to gas entrapment and oxide formation, and
non-uniform particle distribution, which limit composite
performance. This study aims to enhance the functional
characteristics of an AZ91 magnesium alloy by incorpo
rating nanoscale silicon carbide (SiC, 50 nm) and gra
phene (0.5 lm in length, 30 nm thick) as reinforcements. A
vacuum-assisted stir casting process was employed, with a
constant stirring rate and argon shielding to minimize
oxidation and promote uniform dispersion of the material.nanocomposite exhibited superior properties, including a tensile strength of 303 MPa, hardness of 105 HV, energy absorption of 13.7 J, and a reduced porosity level of 0.7%.These enhancements demonstrate the potential of the
developed hybrid nanocomposite for applications like
structural components in the automotive sector.