A Comprehensive Review of Nano additives Applications for Enhancing Palm Biodiesel Performance in Internal Combustion Engine

Palm biodiesel is recognized as a promising alternative fuel for
internal combustion engines (ICEs) due to its renewable origin,
biodegradability, and potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
However, its lower energy density, higher viscosity, and limited
oxidative stability restrict widespread utilization. The incorporation of
nano additives into palm biodiesel has emerged as an effective
strategy to enhance combustion characteristics, emission profiles,
and engine efficiency. This review critically examines recent progress
in nano additive applications for palm biodiesel, emphasizing their
effects on fuel properties, engine performance, and emission behavior.
In addition, it discusses prevailing challenges, assesses economic
feasibility, and identifies future research directions for the
sustainable deployment of nanoadditives in biodiesel-fueled ICEs.