Wo3/TiO2/CeO2 Nanocomposites, Fabrication Approaches and their Antibacterial and Antifungal Potentials

WO3/TIO2/CeO2 nanocomposites are advanced antimicrobial
materials exhibiting vigorous activity under ultraviolet and visible
light. The integration of WO3, TiO2, and CeO2 enhances light
absorption, charge separation, and reactive oxygen species (ROS)
generation, enabling effective inactivation of Gram-positive, Gramnegative,
and fungal pathogens. WO3 provides visible light
responsivity and electron mobility, TiO2 ensures structural stability
and antimicrobial support, and CeO2 offers Ce3+/ Ce4+ redox cycling
for sustained ROS production via oxygen vacancies. Among the
various synthesis routes, solvothermal processing yields optimal
morphology, crystallinity, and dispersion, resulting in superior
antimicrobial performance. Antimicrobial assays reveal ROSmediated
oxidation damage to membranes, protein, and DNA, aided
by strong microbial adhesion on rough, porous surfaces. The
trimetallic system outperforms mono- and bimetallic oxides, offering
applications in self-disinfecting surfaces, coatings, water purification,
and biomedical devices.