A Comprehensive Review on the Newer Therapeutic Approaches in Treating Alzheimer’s Disease

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a complex neurological illness that affects primarily older people and is defined by a gradual decline in mental abilities, emotions, spoken language, and remembrance. The pathogenesis comprises the buildup of extracellular amyloid-beta plaques (βA) and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles, which contribute to the death of neurons and impede cognition. Despite years of study and trillions of dollars invested, the cause of AD is still unknown, and there is currently no known treatment. Only four medications that have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and one combination medication are now on the market to treat AD symptoms. To enhance a patient’s intellectual result, these drugs were eventually found to be unsuccessful in addressing the underlying causes of Alzheimer’s disease and instead just focused on the symptoms. This leads to the start of a hunt for superior disease-modifying approaches. It is essential to have a thorough grasp of the many functions performed by particular genes, antibodies, and nanoparticles as well as their neuroprotective mechanisms if new therapeutic treatments are to be designed. In this chapter, we give a brief overview of the history of Alzheimer’s disease, the physiology of the blood-brain barrier, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of the available therapeutic treatment options for gene therapy, immunotherapy, and nanotherapy for improved detection and treatment of Alzheimer’s disease.