Wastewater treatment by algae-based membrane bioreactors: a review of the arrangement of a membrane reactor, physico-chemical properties, advantages and challenges

Wastewater treatment by algae-based membrane bioreactors: a review of the arrangement of a membrane reactor, physico-chemical properties, advantages and challenges Jayaprabakar Jayaraman Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sathyabama Institute of Science & Technology, Chennai 600119, Tamil Nadu, India http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3290-5771 J. Kumaraswamy Department of Mechanical Engineering, R. L. Jalappa Institute of Technology, Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University (V.T.U), Belagavi 590018, Karnataka, India http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4264-4763 Yarrapragada K. S. S. Rao Department of Mechanical Engineering, Aditya University, Surampalem 533437, Andhra Pradesh, India http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5482-0878 M. Karthick Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr Sagunthala R&D Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai 600062, Tamil Nadu, India http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3176-8384 S. Baskar School of Engineering, Vels Institute of Science, Technology & Advanced Studies, Chennai 600117, Tamil Nadu, India http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0810-3755 M. Anish Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sathyabama Institute of Science & Technology, Chennai 600119, Tamil Nadu, India http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9995-6931 Abhishek Sharma Department of Mechanical Engineering, Government Engineering College (Department of Higher and Technical Education, Govt. of Jharkhand), Medininagar 822118, Jharkhand, India http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8925-305X Anil Singh Yadav Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bakhtiyarpur College of Engineering (Science, Technology and Technical Education Department, Govt. of Bihar), Bakhtiyarpur, Patna, 803212, Bihar, India http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6786-2180 Tabish Alam Architecture Planning and Energy Efficiency, CSIR-Central Building Research Institute, Roorkee 247667, Uttarakhand, India http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7772-1015 Muhammad Imam Ammarullah Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang 50275, Central Java, Indonesia Undip Biomechanics Engineering & Research Centre (UBM-ERC), Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang 50275, Central Java, Indonesia http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8845-7202

Reducing wastewater contaminants is an emerging area of particular concern for many industrialized and developing countries in improving the ecological quality of their water sources.
Reducing wastewater contaminants is an emerging area of particular concern for many industrialized and developing countries in improving the ecological quality of their water sources. In this case, the use of algae-based microbial reactors for wastewater treatment has attracted increasing attention in recent years. The advantages of both conventional microbial membrane bioreactors (MBRs) and algae-based treatment are combined in algae-based MBRs. According to the literature, previous studies did not fully discuss the techniques and performance of algae-based bioreactor systems in the treatment of wastewater. In particular, little attention has been paid to the types of waste, their consequences, and the ways in which they are treated. This makes it more difficult to develop and scale up efficient systems to treat waste discharge from industry, agriculture, and urban areas. Thus, the objective of this study is to critically evaluate algae as a valuable biological resource for wastewater treatment, with the goal of reducing emerging contaminants and increasing the chemical oxygen demand (COD) in wastewater. The most common wastewater treatment techniques employed for addressing these wastes are examined together with a brief discussion on contaminants in wastewater. Furthermore, algae-based wastewater treatment arrangements, particularly hybrid configurations, are carefully studied in relation to techniques for removing contaminants using algae. After analysing the key physicochemical characteristics that affect the ability of algal-bioremediation to remove developing contaminants, the benefits of algal-bioremediation systems are compared to those of other techniques. Lastly, an investigation is conducted into the technological difficulties associated with employing algal-bioremediation systems to eliminate emerging contaminants.
2024 34769 34790 1 10.1039/rsc_crossmark_policy rsc.org true http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ 10.1039/D4RA04417G 20241030153725 https://xlink.rsc.org/?DOI=D4RA04417G http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2024/RA/D4RA04417G Int. J. Low-Carbon Technol. Kaur 19 March 2024 1275 10.1093/ijlct/ctae072 Environ. Monit. Assess. Anjali 196 7 2024 674 10.1007/s10661-024-12837-2 Sustainability Silva 15 14 2023 10940 10.3390/su151410940 Chem. Eng. Technol. Daud 46 8 2023 1648 10.1002/ceat.202300064 Membranes Goh 12 11 2022 1094 10.3390/membranes12111094 Membranes Rahman 13 2 2023 181 10.3390/membranes13020181 J. Environ. Chem. Eng. Saidulu 9 5 2021 106112 10.1016/j.jece.2021.106112 Recent Trends in Constructed Wetlands for Industrial Wastewater Treatment El Semary 2023 161 10.1007/978-981-99-2564-3_8 N.El Semary , Use of Algae in Wastewater Treatment , Recent Trends in Constructed Wetlands for Industrial Wastewater Treatment , 2023 , pp. 161–176 , 10.1007/978-981-99-2564-3_8 Biology Diaconu 12 6 2023 773 10.3390/biology12060773 J. Cleaner Prod. Zhang 316 2021 128299 10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.128299 Chemosphere Ahmed 286 2022 131656 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131656 J. Environ. Manage. Anjali 246 2019 51 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.05.090 Trop. Aquat. Soil Pollut. Kristanti 3 1 2023 88 10.53623/tasp.v3i1.222 Chem. Phys. Technol. Surf. Eprikashvili 13 4 2022 498 10.15407/hftp13.04.498 Bioresour. Technol. Huang 194 2015 383 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.07.013 Water Res. Kong 183 2020 115969 10.1016/j.watres.2020.115969 J. Hazard. Mater. Ratola 239 2012 1 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.05.040 Sci. Total Environ. Luo 473 2014 619 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.12.065 Global NEST J. Nikolaou 15 1 2013 10.30955/gnj.000969 1 Sci. Total Environ. Deeb 601 2017 1247 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.05.271 Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Kotowska 21 2014 660 10.1007/s11356-013-1904-6 J. Multidiscip. Res. Puri 2023 1 10.37022/tjmdr.v3i2.443 J. Hazard. Mater. Jin 423 2022 127146 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127146 Water Sci. Technol. Das 83 8 2021 1797 10.2166/wst.2021.100 Microchem. J. Jiang 110 2013 292 10.1016/j.microc.2013.04.014 Desalination Mostefa 161 2 2004 115 10.1016/S0011-9164(04)90047-1 Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health Li 17 4 2020 1360 10.3390/ijerph17041360 Desalination Abdessemed 1 118 1998 323 10.1016/S0011-9164(98)00160-X Chem. Eng. J. Ariffin 179 2012 107 10.1016/j.cej.2011.10.067 Desalination Mirbagheri 256 1–3 2010 70 10.1016/j.desal.2010.02.011 J. Environ. Sci. Bian 23 2011 S106 10.1016/S1001-0742(11)61088-7 Radiat. Phys. Chem. Martinez 155 2019 323 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2018.09.009 J. Water Proc. Eng. Gripa 43 2021 102264 10.1016/j.jwpe.2021.102264 J. Environ. Chem. Eng. Hirsimaki 8 5 2020 104122 10.1016/j.jece.2020.104122 Bioresour. Technol. Pang 318 2020 123953 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123953 Engineering Zhai 9 2022 27 10.1016/j.eng.2021.02.015 Agric. Water Manag. Banach 244 2021 106527 10.1016/j.agwat.2020.106527 J. Water Proc. Eng. Parsa 43 2021 102224 10.1016/j.jwpe.2021.102224 Chem. Eng. Sci. Naghavi 245 2021 116830 10.1016/j.ces.2021.116830 Environ. Pollut. Akyol 286 2021 117535 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117535 J. Environ. Chem. Eng. Lopatina 9 4 2021 105705 10.1016/j.jece.2021.105705 Sep. Purif. Technol. Huang 267 2021 118622 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.118622 J. Environ. Manage. Thakur 190 2017 102 10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.12.053 Chemosphere Kumari 273 2021 128571 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128571 Chem. Eng. Process. Rahman 165 2021 108449 10.1016/j.cep.2021.108449 J. Water Proc. Eng. Reilly 42 2021 102121 10.1016/j.jwpe.2021.102121 J. Cleaner Prod. Feng 319 2021 128626 10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.128626 Hydrometallurgy Virolainen 202 2021 105602 10.1016/j.hydromet.2021.105602 Water Zeng 15 6 2023 1104 10.3390/w15061104 Biocatal. Agric. Biotechnol. Kandasamy 35 2021 102045 10.1016/j.bcab.2021.102045 Environ. Pollut. Priyadharshini 290 2021 117989 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117989 J. Hazard. Mater. Yaashikaa 420 2021 126596 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126596 Environ. Res. Abhinaya 196 2021 110996 10.1016/j.envres.2021.110996 J. Environ. Manage. Lu 296 2021 113259 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113259 Chemosphere Fallahi 272 2021 129878 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.129878 Environ. Res. Al Sharabati 202 2021 111694 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111694 Ceram. Int. Zhang 47 22 2021 31005 10.1016/j.ceramint.2021.08.063 Chemosphere Samuel 284 2021 131368 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131368 Chemosphere Dong 265 2021 129151 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129151 J. Water Proc. Eng. Kalra 40 2021 101794 10.1016/j.jwpe.2020.101794 Sci. Total Environ. Rempel 772 2021 144918 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144918 RSC Adv. Shen 4 91 2014 49672 10.1039/C4RA06441K Chemosphere Yadav 272 2021 129492 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129492 RSC Adv. Li 7 55 2017 34600 10.1039/C7RA06749F J. Environ. Chem. Eng. Roy 9 2 2021 104796 10.1016/j.jece.2020.104796 Environ. Int. Xiong 155 2021 106594 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106594 J. Environ. Manage. Ali 294 2021 112926 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112926 Bioresour. Technol. Chaturvedi 319 2021 124161 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.124161 Sustain. Energy Fuels Sonawane 7 15 2023 3482 10.1039/D3SE00237C Bioremediation for Environmental Sustainability Krishnamoorthy 2021 99 10.1016/B978-0-12-820318-7.00005-8 S.Krishnamoorthy and P.Manickam , Phycoremediation of industrial wastewater: challenges and prospects , Bioremediation for Environmental Sustainability , 2021 , pp. 99–123 , 10.1016/B978-0-12-820318-7.00005-8 J. Environ. Chem. Eng. Sharma 9 4 2021 105684 10.1016/j.jece.2021.105684 RSC Adv. Elalami 11 43 2021 26444 10.1039/D1RA04845G Environ. Pollut. Astrahan 278 2021 116853 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116853 ACS Appl. Nano Mater. Höhme 1 7 2018 3124 10.1021/acsanm.8b00289 Desalination Kochkodan 356 2015 187 10.1016/j.desal.2014.09.015 Chem. Commun. Yu 46 32 2010 5900 10.1039/C0CC00596G J. Membr. Sci. Vrijenhoek 188 1 2001 115 10.1016/S0376-7388(01)00376-3 Bioremediation for Environmental Sustainability Unuofin 2021 519 10.1016/B978-0-12-820524-2.00022-3 J. O.Unuofin , A. O.Falade and O. J.Aladekoyi , Applications of microbial laccases in bioremediation of environmental pollutants: Potential issues, challenges, and prospects , Bioremediation for Environmental Sustainability , 2021 , pp. 519–540 , 10.1016/B978-0-12-820524-2.00022-3 Sci. Total Environ. Mahima 778 2021 146262 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146262 Biomass Bioenergy Roy 148 2021 106029 10.1016/j.biombioe.2021.106029 Catal. Today Zhang 230 2014 47 10.1016/j.cattod.2013.11.019 Water Res. Dong 220 2022 118629 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118629 Prog. Polym. Sci. Zou 128 2022 101535 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2022.101535 J. Ind. Eng. Chem. Yanar 91 2020 1 10.1016/j.jiec.2020.07.043 J. Water Proc. Eng. Mohseni 59 2024 104954 10.1016/j.jwpe.2024.104954 J. Membr. Sci. Raje 683 2023 121837 10.1016/j.memsci.2023.121837