Immune Response and Tumor Microenvironment:

Vivek Pazhamalai Department of Bioengineering, Vels Institute of Science, Technology and Advanced Studies, Chennai, India https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2088-7545 V. T. Thanush Department of Bioengineering, Vels Institute of Science, Technology and Advanced Studies, Chennai, India P. Dharshika Department of Bioengineering, Vels Institute of Science, Technology and Advanced Studies, Chennai, India https://orcid.org/0009-0009-7342-297X Kosireddy Vanitha Department of Bioengineering, Vels Institute of Science, Technology and Advanced Studies, Chennai, India Albin Richard Department of Bioengineering, Vels Institute of Science, Technology and Advanced Studies, Chennai, India S. S. Meenambiga Department of Bioengineering, Vels Institute of Science, Technology and Advanced Studies, Chennai, India https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5445-525X Immune Response and Tumor Microenvironment

Tumor formation and progression are caused by neoplastic cells, which take advantage of interfere with cellular processes that control growth, survival, and division. New research emphasizes the critical role of the tumor microenvironment (TME) in cancer initiation and metastasis, even though genetic and epigenetic changes are well-known malignant transformation. The tumor microenvironment (TME) influences tumor metagenesis, angiogenesis, and immune tolerance, which helps cancer cells proliferate rapidly. It also plays a critical role in the origin, progression, and invasion of cancer. With a variety of roles, including matrix deposition and remodeling, extensive reciprocal signaling connections with cancer cells, and crosstalk with invading leukocytes, cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are an essential part of the tumor microenvironment. This chapter reveals the origins of CAFs and the heterogeneity of CAF function, wherein it is preferable to preserve some antitumorigenic properties.
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