MicroRNAs and Apoptosis Signaling Pathways in Breast Cancer: From Molecular Insights to Clinical Applications

Breast cancer represents a global health concern, necessitating a deeper understanding of the intricate mechanisms underlying its pathogenesis and therapy resistance. This comprehensive review article explores the pivotal roles of microRNAs (miRNAs) and apoptosis signaling pathways in breast cancer biology. MiRNAs, as essential post-transcriptional regulators, modulate gene expression and play a central role in apoptosis regulation. We examine their involvement in breast cancer oncogenesis, metastasis, and therapy resistance, highlighting pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic miRNAs. Additionally, we delve into the core components of the apoptosis pathway, including initiator and executioner caspases and Bcl-2 family members, emphasizing their relevance in breast cancer. Further, we explore the crosstalk between miRNAs and major signaling pathways (PI3K/AKT, NF-κB, and p53) and discuss their clinical implications, including diagnostics, prognostics, and therapeutic interventions. While offering promising avenues for breast cancer management, this review also identifies research gaps and challenges in translating miRNA and pathway-based knowledge into clinical practice.