Machine Learning‐Driven Energy Efficiency Enhancement and Emission Reduction in Diesel Engines Using Pumpkin Seed Biodiesel Blends and CeO 2 Nanoparticles

Machine Learning‐Driven Energy Efficiency Enhancement and Emission Reduction in Diesel Engines Using Pumpkin Seed Biodiesel Blends and CeO 2 Nanoparticles Shaisundaram V. S. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8642-0986 Saravanakumar Sengottaiyan https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6655-0011 Gunasekaran Raji https://orcid.org/0009-0006-8262-2859 Kumaravel S. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4902-7864 Chandrasekaran M. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5163-2513 Sanjay Basumatary

The rising dependence on fossil fuels, depleting renewable resources, and increasing oil costs necessitate alternative energy sources. Biofuels, such as pumpkin seed biodiesel, offer environmentally friendly solutions with lower greenhouse gas emissions. This is the first study to integrate pumpkin seed oil–based biodiesel blended with cerium oxide (CeO 2 ) nanoparticles and machine learning (ML) models for optimizing diesel engine performance and emission characteristics. The study uses response surface methodology (RSM) and XGBoost ML to maximize engine performance and predict emissions of carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbon (HC), nitrogen oxide (NO x ), and smoke opacity. The optimal blend, achieving a brake thermal efficiency (BTE) of 24.99% with minimal emissions, was 18.32% biodiesel, 63.84% engine load (operating at 75% of maximum capacity), and 48.55 ppm CeO 2 . This study demonstrates the effectiveness of combining RSM and ML, providing new insights into the sustainable optimization of biodiesel blends for compression ignition engines.
06 28 2025 01 2025 2329925 10.1155/er/2329925 2 10.1002/crossmark_policy onlinelibrary.wiley.com true 2025-03-18 2025-05-29 2025-06-28 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ 10.1155/er/2329925 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1155/er/2329925 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1155/er/2329925 10.1016/j.fuel.2024.133092 10.1016/j.fuel.2024.134175 10.1002/er.1869 10.1016/j.fuel.2024.133823 10.1016/j.csite.2024.105566 10.1155/er/1686933 10.1016/j.fuel.2023.128390 10.1016/j.fuel.2025.134321 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2025.117836 10.1016/j.rineng.2025.104586 10.1016/j.rineng.2024.103664 10.3390/agriculture14020227 10.1016/j.psep.2024.04.144 10.1002/ejlt.200700257 10.1016/j.fuel.2024.133960 10.1016/j.fuel.2025.134542 10.1002/er.3787 10.1016/j.psep.2024.05.137 10.1016/j.psep.2025.106810 10.1155/er/5787065 10.1016/j.rineng.2024.103196 10.1016/j.psep.2024.01.052 10.1155/2024/5211890 10.3390/en17164126 10.1016/j.rineng.2025.104130 10.1016/j.csite.2023.103295 10.1016/j.fuel.2025.134544 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.08.031 10.1108/WJE-08-2024-0459 10.1016/j.psep.2024.08.079 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2020.116343 10.1080/15567036.2020.1839600 10.1016/j.clet.2022.100509 10.1080/10916466.2022.2092136 10.1016/j.nexus.2022.100136 10.1016/j.fuel.2024.133660 10.1016/j.fuel.2025.134294 10.1016/j.fuel.2024.134194 10.3390/su17020788 10.3390/en18020438 10.1016/j.psep.2024.04.013 Advances in Mechanical Engineering Sajith V. 2 2010 10.1155/2010/581407 Experimental Investigations on the Effects of Cerium Oxide Nanoparticle Fuel Additives on Biodiesel 10.1016/j.fuel.2006.03.013 10.1016/j.fuel.2014.09.008 10.1155/2013/589382 Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences Selvan V. A. M. 1 4 2009 Effects of Cerium Oxide Nanoparticle Addition in Diesel and Diesel-Biodiesel-Ethanol Blends on the Performance and Emission Characteristics of a CI Engine 10.1016/j.joei.2015.05.005 International Journal of Recent Development in Engineering and Technology Manikandan R. 2 3 2014 Experimental Investigation of Nano Additive Ceric Oxide (CeO2)—Ethanol Blend on Single Cylinder Four Stroke Diesel Engine 10.1007/s10973-024-12918-x 10.1080/10916466.2022.2136705 10.1016/j.psep.2024.03.108 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26146 10.1080/15567036.2020.1849453 10.1016/j.psep.2019.05.005 10.1016/j.biombioe.2008.04.008 10.1080/01430750.2018.1451385 10.1016/j.fuel.2019.116868 10.1080/01430750.2019.1611657 10.1177/07316844251321664 10.1007/s12221-025-00922-3 10.1002/pc.29798 10.1016/j.enconman.2024.118823 Experimental Techniques for Engineers Holman J. P. 2010 10.1016/j.matchemphys.2024.130175 10.1080/09276440.2024.2448879 10.1021/acs.energyfuels.3c02868 10.1016/j.enconman.2023.117395 10.1007/s12221-024-00638-w 10.1177/07316844241256421