Application of different functional groups of banana peels for enhanced dye removal in textile effluents

The presence of deionized chemical contaminants in waterways poses significant threats to aquatic ecosystems and human populations. This research investigates the efficacy of banana peel (Musa spp.) as a natural adsorbent for treating textile dye-contaminated water. Isotherm and kinetic model types showed that chemisorption was the rate-limiting phase in monolayer adsorption. The maximum adsorption was 28.7 mg/g. Hydroxyl, amine, and carboxyl functional groups detected in the FTIR spectrum provide active sites that promote the adsorption of dye molecules onto the adsorbent. The usual solution eliminated 92.8% of dyes under optimal conditions. The experimental results identified optimal treatment parameters of 0.5 g adsorbent dosage, 7.0 pH, 100 mg/L initial dye concentration, and 60 min contact time. Under these conditions, the system achieved 83.9% dye removal efficiency. While the low dye adsorption capacity in industrial effluent (83.9%) compared to synthetic solutions (92.8%) reflects matrix complexity, banana peels remain effective for real-world textile wastewater treatment. Significantly, a simple acid–base process enables 95% dye recovery, demonstrating both the adsorbent’s reusability and circular economy potential for sustainable water treatment.