Graphene-Based Electrochemical Biosensors for Oral Cancer Detection: Advances, Challenges, and Future Prospects-A Systematic Review

Graphene-based electrochemical biosensors are emerging as powerful diagnostic platforms for early, non-invasive detection of oral cancer. This review critically evaluates recent advances in graphene-enabled salivary biosensing, emphasizing the role of graphene’s unique physicochemical properties-such as large surface area, conductivity, and biocompatibility-in improving sensitivity and speci"city. A comprehensive literature search was conducted using
PubMed, Scopus, and ScienceDirect databases to identify peer-reviewed studies from 2010-2025 on graphene-based electrochemical biosensors for salivary biomarker detection. The "ndings indicate that graphene-integrated systems signi"cantly enhance electrochemical detection
techniques including voltammetry, impedance spectroscopy, and "eld-e#ect transistors. Major challenges remain in clinical translation, including reproducibility, scalability, and regulatory approval. Future perspectives involve integrating these biosensors with arti"cial intelligence, micro$uidics, and telemedicine platforms to enable a#ordable, portable, and real-time oral
cancer diagnostics. Overall, graphene-based biosensors represent a transformative step toward
personalized, point-of-care cancer management.