Nanotechnology Applications in Electrical, Mechanical, Civil, and Biomedical Engineering

Nanotechnology has emerged as a transformative force in engineering and biomedical sciences, offering enhanced mechanical, thermal, electrical, and biological properties across diverse disciplines. In electrical engineering, nanomaterials improve the performance of energy storage devices and sensors, while in mechanical engineering they enhance wear resistance, heat transfer, and structural
reliability. Civil engineering applications include nano-cement, selfhealing concrete, and protective coatings for improved durability. In the biomedical field, nanotechnology enables targeted drug delivery, regenerative tissue scaffolds, biosensors for disease diagnostics, and
antimicrobial coatings for implants, significantly advancing
healthcare solutions. Experimental studies reveal that nanofluids
improve heat transfer rates by 25–40%, nano-additives in cement
increase compressive strength by 15–20%, and nano-silicon in solar
cells enhances energy conversion efficiency by 5–8% compared to
conventional materials. This chapter reviews the materials,
methodologies, and key outcomes of nanotechnology applications in
Electrical, Mechanical, Civil, and Biomedical domains, highlighting
research gaps and aligning developments with the Sustainable
Development Goals (SDGs).