A Proposed Framework for Gliricidia sepium-Derived Exosome-like Nanoparticles in Diabetic Wound Repair

Diabetic wounds pose a major clinical challenge due to the lack of angiogenesis, presence of chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, and delayed tissue regeneration. Exosome-based nanotherapeutics have emerged as promising tools for wound repair by enabling nanoscale delivery of bioactive cargo; however, mammalian exosomes face limitations related to scalability, cost, and biosafety. Plant-derived exosome-like nanoparticles (PELNs) have been recognized as a precision nanomedicine platform due to their biocompatibility, eco-friendliness, reduced immunogenicity, and scalable production. Gliricidia sepium, a medicinal plant rich in flavonoids, saponins, phenolics, and fatty acid derivatives, presents a compelling source of bioactive compounds for regenerative applications. This review critically integrates the phytochemical profile of Gliricidia sepium with emerging
evidence on plant-derived exosome-like nanoparticles, proposing a cargo-driven mechanism that may regulate inflammation,
angiogenesis, oxidative stress, and cellular migration within the diabetic wound microenvironment. This review propose a
novel concept that Plant-derived exosome-like nanoparticles will deliver the vesicle-associated phytochemicals of Gliricidia
sepium that molecularly (inflammatory signalling, angiogenesis and oxidative stress) target diabetic wound healing. The
researchers show size control of vesicles, cargo composition and biological targeting impact reproducibility and translational potential of therapy. They also address isolation, characterization and standardization as critical challenges. Most importantly, the preclinical validation and future directions, necessary to evaluate the feasibility of Gliricidia sepium-associated exosomelike nanoparticles as a clinical approach.