Mechanistic Insights into the Anti-Urolithiatic Potential of Ecbolium viride Ethanolic Extract: In Silico Targeting of Human Glyoxylate Reductase Hydroxypyruvate Reductase and Adenine Phosphoribosyltransferase, Supported by In Vitro Validation

Urolithiasis is characterized by the formation of urinary stones and represents a significant global health burden,
frequently necessitating invasive treatments and leading to recurrent symptoms. Due to the limitations of conventional
therapies, there is a growing interest in alternative treatments, especially those based on traditional herbs. This research
examines the therapeutic potential of Ecbolium viride leaves for urolithiasis by conducting a thorough evaluation that
encompasses phytochemical screening, GC-MS analysis, in silico molecular docking, and in vitro assays for anti
urolithiasis. Phytochemical screening demonstrated the presence of bioactive compounds, such as alkaloids, flavonoids,
tannins, and polyphenols, which are acknowledged for their pharmacological properties. GC-MS analysis further
characterized these phytoconstituents, identifying compounds with potential anti-urolithiasis activity. In silico molecular
docking studies revealed significant binding affinities between these compounds and target proteins associated with stone
formation, indicating their potential to disrupt the molecular mechanisms of urolithiasis. In vitro assays, such as
nucleation, aggregation, and dissolution studies, demonstrated the extract’s substantial ability to inhibit the formation and
aggregation of calcium oxalate crystals, as well as to enhance crystal dissolution. The results from these methodologies
provide substantial evidence that Ecbolium viride leaves may serve as a natural agent for managing urolithiasis. This
research endorses the application of plant-derived compounds as substitutes for traditional treatments of urolithiasis.
Further in vivo studies and clinical trials are necessary to confirm the safety, efficacy, and pharmacokinetics of Ecbolium
viride in the treatment of urolithiasis.