GREEN SYNTHESIS OF NANO PARTICLES FOCUSING ON THERAPEUTIC POTENTIAL AND BIOCOMPATABILITY

Green synthesis of nanoparticles offers an eco-friendly, cost-effective route to produce nanomaterials using biological resources (plant extracts, microorganisms, and biomolecules) as reducing and capping agents. This approach minimizes hazardous reagents and energy consumption while imparting surface-functional biomolecules that enhance stability and biological interaction. Here we review principles and recent advances in green-synthesized metallic and metal‑oxide nanoparticles, highlighting synthesis parameters that control size, shape, and surface chemistry. We summarize evidence for therapeutic applications—including antimicrobial, anticancer, anti‑inflammatory, and drug‑delivery roles—and examine mechanisms underpinning bioactivity such as reactive oxygen species modulation, membrane disruption, and targeted cellular uptake. A critical focus is biocompatibility: in vitro cytotoxicity assays, hemocompatibility, genotoxicity screens, and in vivo models reveal generally improved safety profiles relative to chemically synthesized analogues, though outcomes depend strongly on particle physicochemical properties, residual biomolecules, dose, and exposure route. Challenges remain in reproducibility, scalable manufacturing, comprehensive toxicological evaluation, and regulatory standardization. We conclude that green-synthesized nanoparticles hold considerable promise as therapeutic agents or delivery platforms, provided that future work emphasizes standardized characterization, mechanistic toxicology, and translational studies to bridge laboratory findings to clinical application.