Bell’s Palsy: Bridging Etiology, Latest Lines of therapy, and Long-term Sequelae – A Systematic Review of Peripheral Facial Paralysis

Background: Bell’s palsy is the most common acute peripheral facial nerve paralysis, characterized by sudden unilateral facial weakness without a clear underlying cause. Although its exact etiology remains uncertain, viral infections, vascular ischemia, and autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated. Early recognition and timely management are critical, as most patients recover completely, while a subset may develop long-term sequelae. Methodology: This review integrates data from randomized controlled trials, observational studies, and clinical guidelines to compare current management strategies for Bell’s palsy. Emphasis was placed on evaluating the efficacy of corticosteroids, antivirals, and physiotherapy in terms of recovery rates and prevention of long-term complications.