Oral Noisome and Proniosomes: Mechanistic Insights, Formulation Strategies, and Therapeutic Applications in Enhancing Bioavailability and Targeted Drug Delivery

Oral drug delivery is still the easiest and most popular way to take medicine, but it comes with a lot of problems. Some drugs just don’t dissolve well in water, or they can’t pass through the gut easily. Others break down because of enzymes or get wiped out by first-pass metabolism, so the body barely absorbs them, and they don’t work as
well as they should. That’s where vesicular systems like liposomes and their dry forms, proniosomes, come in. These carriers, made from non-ionic surfactants and cholesterol, protect drugs from breaking down in the digestive tract and let the medicine release slowly over time. How you put these together really matters. Things like the type of surfactant, how much cholesterol you use, the size of the vesicles,
and their surface charge—all these affect how much of the drug gets into your system and how quickly