A CRITICAL STUDY ON WETLAND CONSERVATION LAWS AND THEIR IMPLEMENTATION IN INDIA

Wetlands are among the most productive and ecologically significant ecosystems on Earth,
playing a crucial role in biodiversity conservation, climate regulation, water purification, and
disaster mitigation. They act as natural buffers by absorbing excess rainfall, reducing flood
risks, and maintaining hydrological balance, while also serving as vital carbon sinks that help
mitigate the impacts of climate change. In India, wetlands support millions of livelihoods by
providing resources for agriculture, fisheries, and other economic activities, and they contribute
significantly to maintaining ecological balance and environmental sustainability.
However, these valuable ecosystems are increasingly under threat due to rapid urbanization,
industrial expansion, pollution, and weak enforcement of environmental laws. Large-scale
encroachment, unregulated development, and inefficient governance mechanisms have led to
the degradation and loss of wetlands across the country, raising serious environmental and
socio-economic concerns.
This article critically examines the legal and regulatory framework governing wetland
conservation in India, with a focus on evaluating its effectiveness and identifying key
challenges in implementation. It further explores the role of the judiciary, government
institutions, and local communities in protecting wetlands and ensuring sustainable
management. The study highlights the gaps between policy and practice and emphasizes the
need for stronger enforcement mechanisms, improved institutional coordination, and increased
public participation. It concludes by offering practical recommendations aimed at promoting
sustainable wetland conservation and ensuring the long-term protection of these essential
ecosystems.

Keywords
Wetlands, Wetland Conservation, Environmental Law, Biodiversity, Ecosystem Services,
Sustainable Development, Climate Change, Water Security, Environmental Protection,
Pollution Control