HUMAN–ANIMAL CO-EXISTENCE IN INDIA: LEGAL FRAMEWORK, CHALLENGES, AND THE ROLE OF STERILIZATION AND VACCINATION

Human–animal co-existence in India reflects the complex intersection
between law, ethics, and ecology. With rapid urbanization and increasing
human population density, conflict between humans and community
animals—particularly dogs and cattle—has intensified. The legal framework
established by the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act, 1960 and the Animal
Birth Control Rules, 2001 and 2023 seeks to balance public safety with
animal welfare through humane management measures such as sterilization
and vaccination. However, the gap between legislation and ground realities
remains wide due to inadequate implementation, lack of funding, and limited
public awareness.
This study analyses the existing laws, socio-legal challenges, and policy
mechanisms governing community animals in India, focusing on
sterilization and vaccination as humane and scientifically proven strategies.
The paper argues that strengthened implementation, institutional
accountability, and civic participation are essential for sustainable human–
animal harmony.