REFORMING CRIMINAL JUSTICE IN INDIA: A STUDY ON THE SOCIETAL AND PROFESSIONAL IMPACT OF BNS

The evolution of criminal law in India reflects a gradual and layered transformation shaped by
history, governance, and changing societal needs. From its early foundations in religion and
morality to its modern form as a structured legal system grounded in constitutional values,
criminal law has continuously adapted to the realities of each era. This study examines that
transformation across distinct historical phases ancient, medieval, colonial, post-independence,
and contemporary reforms highlighting how each period contributed to the present framework.
The research further explores the constitutional, statutory, and jurisprudential foundations that
define the functioning of criminal justice in India today. It analyses how fundamental rights,
legislative structures, and judicial interpretations interact to balance state authority with
individual liberty. At the same time, it critically evaluates the gap between legal principles and
their actual implementation.
In addition,