Mechanistic signaling pathways of flavonoid-induced oral squamous cell carcinoma therapy: Clinical evidence and therapeutic application

Flavonoids, a class of plant-derived polyphenolic chemicals, are being explored as potential candidates for oral
squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) therapy due to their anti-cancer properties. The review explores flavonoids’
potential therapeutic applications and their impact on OSCC, evaluating clinical evidence and investigating
flavonoid-induced therapy mechanisms. Recent research focusing on experimental and clinical investigations has
been thoroughly analyzed to understand the flavonoid mechanisms of action in OSCC. The review also evaluated
the efficacy and safety of flavonoid therapy in treating angiogenesis, invasion, apoptosis, and cell proliferation
through clinical trials and case studies. Flavonoids exhibit anti-cancer actions in OSCC by modulating essential
cell growth and survival signaling pathways like PI3K/Akt, MAPK, and NF-κB. Furthermore, the study suggests
that targeting matrix metalloproteinases and other factors can prevent cancer cell invasion and metastasis and
induce apoptosis through intrinsic and extrinsic pathways. Flavonoids are promising therapies for treating OSCC
due to their diverse modes of action, safety profile, and ability to impact critical cancer pathways. They can
reduce side effects and improve patient outcomes. However, clinical trials reveal varied outcomes, necessitating
further research to enhance patient selection, dosage, and formulation. Further mechanistic studies and clinical
trials are needed to enhance their therapeutic efficacy.