REVIEW PAPER
Recent developments in metal-free organic sensitizers derived from carbazole, triphenylamine, and phenothiazine for dye-sensitized solar cells
Dheeraj Devadiga,
Muthu Selvakumar,
Prakasha Shetty,
Mysore Sridhar Santosh,
Raghu Subash Chandrabose,
Smagul Karazhanov,
Dheeraj Devadiga
Department of Chemistry, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of higher education, Manipal, India
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Muthu Selvakumar
Department of Chemistry, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of higher education, Manipal, India
Correspondence
Muthu Selvakumar, Department of Chemistry, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India.
Email: chemselva78@gmail.com
Search for more papers by this authorPrakasha Shetty
Department of Chemistry, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of higher education, Manipal, India
Search for more papers by this authorMysore Sridhar Santosh
Centre for Incubation, Innovation, Research, and Consultancy (CIIRC), Jyothy Institute of Technology, Bangalore, India
Search for more papers by this authorRaghu Subash Chandrabose
Centre for Advanced Research & Development (CARD)/Chemistry, Vels Institute of Science, Technology & Advanced Studies (VISTAS), Chennai, India
Search for more papers by this authorSmagul Karazhanov
Department for Solar Energy, Institute for Energy Technology, Kjeller, Norway
Search for more papers by this authorDheeraj Devadiga,
Muthu Selvakumar,
Prakasha Shetty,
Mysore Sridhar Santosh,
Raghu Subash Chandrabose,
Smagul Karazhanov,
Dheeraj Devadiga
Department of Chemistry, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of higher education, Manipal, India
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Muthu Selvakumar
Department of Chemistry, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of higher education, Manipal, India
Correspondence
Muthu Selvakumar, Department of Chemistry, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India.
Email: chemselva78@gmail.com
Search for more papers by this authorPrakasha Shetty
Department of Chemistry, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of higher education, Manipal, India
Search for more papers by this authorMysore Sridhar Santosh
Centre for Incubation, Innovation, Research, and Consultancy (CIIRC), Jyothy Institute of Technology, Bangalore, India
Search for more papers by this authorRaghu Subash Chandrabose
Centre for Advanced Research & Development (CARD)/Chemistry, Vels Institute of Science, Technology & Advanced Studies (VISTAS), Chennai, India
Search for more papers by this authorSmagul Karazhanov
Department for Solar Energy, Institute for Energy Technology, Kjeller, Norway
Search for more papers by this authorSummary
In the present context of increasing population, renewable and sustainable energy alternatives are very much essential to satisfy the necessities of the world. To satisfy this growing demand, scientists are prioritizing the production of cost-effective and high-performance clean energy appliances. Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) are one such material that is at the forefront of modern solar cell technologies. Being one of the main components of DSSCs, metal-free organic dyes play a crucial role in light processing and electron injection. In recent times, carbazole (CZ)-, triphenylamine (TPA)-, and phenothiazine (PTZ)-based derivatives have been identified as suitable alternatives to Ru(II) polypyridyl complexes because they are easy to synthesize and exhibit excellent thermal and electronic properties. This review focuses largely on the latest developments in the use of monoanchored and multianchored CZ, TPA, and PTZ scaffolds for DSSC applications and focuses especially on the correlation between molecular design and photovoltaic performance. The physical properties of devices can be adjusted through the sensitizer's strategic design that helps to improve the performance of the devices. We tabulated the photovoltaic parameters corresponding to all dyes presented in this review. Also, applications of additives are presented after the systematic review on CZ-, TPA-, and PTZ-based dyes.
Open Research
DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT
The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
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